How a Scientific Fact Emerges and Develops (in Ukrainian)

Based on historical facts from the history of medicine, particularly the development of the concept of syphilis from the Middle Ages to the early 20th century, the author formulates his central thesis: all knowledge is culturally and historically conditioned, and therefore, to interpret scientific facts, one must be familiar with the views of previous epochs — in other words, with the history of the cognitive process. Fleck emphasizes the importance of the community in research and cognition: no knowledge, no scientific fact can be understood or studied outside the “thought collective” that created it and outside the “thought style” within which this knowledge developed.