Unequal Brothers: Ukrainians and Russians from the Middle Ages to the Present (in Ukrainian)

However, since the 18th century, their relations have been marked by asymmetry, reaching a peak in the 19th century when Russia considered Ukrainians (then officially referred to as “Little Russians”) part of a unified “All-Russian” nation, denying their distinct history. This approach persists in Russia today and remains prevalent in parts of the West. Andreas Kappeler counters this with a histoire croisée perspective—studying the long-standing interactions, transfers, contacts, and conflicts between states, societies, nations, and cultures, along with their divergence and development from the Middle Ages to the modern era.